刁德昌
发表于《中华普通外科杂志》
【摘要】 目的 深化对局灶性Castleman病(Localized Castleman disease, LCD)的认识,提高LCD的诊治水平。方法 回顾分析26例LCD患者的临床特征及诊疗情况,总结其临床特点及治疗策略。结果 26例患者有临床症状者10例,主要表现为以局部胀痛为主的压迫症状,3例合并副肿瘤天疱疮;淋巴结肿大为孤立性,最大直径1.2~15.0cm,最多位于腹膜后(10例),其次为纵膈(7例);影像学检查具有特异性表现,有助于术前诊断;组织病理学检查22例为透明血管型,4例为浆细胞型,均于术后得到确诊。26例患者有25例得于完整切除肿物,随访5~206个月,平均随访48.5月,仅2例术后复发。另1例由于肿瘤深在且毗邻重要器官难于完整切除,仅行姑息切除。姑息切除者以及1例术后复发病例给予联合化疗方案肿瘤消失,至今未见复发;另1例复发患者未行化疗,最终死亡。结论 LCD主要表现为孤立性肿大淋巴结,部分患者有全身症状以及实验室检查阳性结果,掌握其影像学特点有助于术前诊断,完整切除肿物是该病最重要的治疗方式,可达到治愈的目的。广东省中医院胃肠外科刁德昌
【关键词】Castleman 病;临床特点;治疗
中图分类号:R735 文献标识码:A
Clinical features and treatment of localized castleman’s diaease
【ABSTRACT】 Objective To deepen our understanding of localized Castleman’s disease (Localized Castleman’s disease, LCD),and to improve its diagnosis and treatment. Methods Clinical characteristics and treatment of 26 cases with LCD were Retrospectively analyzed, and its clinical features and treatment strategies were reviewed. Results Among the 26 cases, there were 10 cases with clinical symptoms, which mainly showed local pain induced by the compression of the tumors, and 3 in the 10 cases associated with paraneoplastic pemphigus. The swollen lymph node was singly located at a localized area, which was mostly at retroperitoneal (10 cases) and mediastinum (7 cases). The imaging examination of LCD had its special characters and could be helpful for diagnosis. 22 cases were hyaline vascular type, and the other 4 cases were plasma type based on histopathologic examination. 25 of the patients received complete tumor resection and just 2 cases of them recur finally with the duration of follow-up range from 5 to 206 months (the average follow-up time is 48.5 months). One case with the tumor adjoining to some important organs deep in the mediastinum couldn’t achieve complete tumor resection and just underwent palliative resection. This patient after palliative tumor resection and another patient recurred after complete tumor resection both received combined chemotherapy and were all alive without recurrence. The other patient with recurrent tumor after tumor resection didn’t received chemotherapy and died ultimately. Conclusion LCD patients mainly have lymphadenectasis in a single location, and part of them would suffer systemic symptom and show abnormal laboratory results. It is helpful for diagnosis for LCD to be familiar with the feature of the CT scan of LCD. Complete surgical resection is the best way to cure this disease.
【KEYWORDS】 Castleman’s disease; Clinical feature; treatment
Castleman 病(Castleman’s disease,CD)又称血管滤泡性淋巴组织增生病或巨大淋巴结增生症,由Castleman于1956年对其进行描述及定义[1]。临床上根据累及的范围分为多中心性和局灶性两型。局灶性CD国内外大宗病例报告并不多,现回顾分析26例局灶性CD患者的临床表现及诊治情况,总结其临床特点及诊治策略,以提高对局灶性CD的诊治水平。
1 资料与方法
1.1 一般资料
广东省中医院1993年5月至2010年5月收治局灶性Castleman 病(Localized Castleman’s disease, LCD)患者共31例,我们收集了其中具有完善的症状、体征、辅助检查及治疗情况记录的LCD住院患者26例,其中腹膜后10例,纵膈7例,颈部3例,腋窝、盆腔各2例,左上臂、右腹股沟各1例;男14例,女12例,年龄为4~71岁,平均年龄39.4岁;随访时间为5~206月,平均随访时间48.5月(48.5±13.4),无失访病例。
1.2 临床表现
1.2.1 症状及体征 10例腹膜后LCD患者中,有4例表现为腹痛,3例表现为口唇溃烂、自身抗体阳性等副肿瘤性天疱疮(paraneoplastic pemphigus,PNP)的症状,余3例无症状;7例纵膈LCD中1例表现为上腹痛,其余无症状;2例盆腔LCD表现为月经量增多;1例左腋窝LCD表现为逐渐加重的左上肢肿胀,余LCD均表现为浅表无痛性肿物。体征上,有6例LCD触及腹部包块,大小为4.5cm×4.0cm~17.0cm×14.4cm;7例LCD位于体表,均表现为局部浅表淋巴结肿大,无压痛,边界清晰,大小为1.2cm×0.8cm~5.5cm×3cm;余LCD无异常体征。
1.2.3 实验室检查 26例LCD患者中有6例尿白细胞升高,5例蛋白尿,4例凝血酶原时间延长,3例血白细胞升高,2例血尿,1例贫血,余实验室检查均无异常。14例行HIV抗体、梅毒抗体及结核菌素试验均为阴性。
1.2.3 影像学检查 26例患者均行B超、X线及CT检查,均发现肿大淋巴结,肿瘤直径介于1.2厘米~15.0厘米,平均直径为6.7厘米。病灶CT检查具有特征性,主要表现为边缘不规则的圆形或类圆形肿块,个别有分叶,密度多均匀,病变增强早期强化明显、延迟扫描持续强化;部分病例可见肿块内斑点状、条索状或分枝状钙化,以及局灶性液化或坏死(如图1,2所示)。超声表现为孤立圆形或卵圆形低回声肿物,内部回声均匀,包膜光整,肿块周边及内部见异常血流信号。值得注意的是,其中1例患者CT检查发现同时合并升结肠癌。
2. 结果
2.1 组织病理学特点
26例LCD中22例为透明血管型(如图3,4所示),4例为浆细胞型。免疫组织化学检测的共同特点是均为多克隆性淋巴细胞增生,CD20与CD79a在滤泡内、套区和边缘区的细胞阳性,CD21生发中心内的滤泡树突状细胞阳性表达,CD3滤泡之间细胞散在阳性。
2.2 治疗及转归
26例LCD均行手术治疗,25例得于完整切除肿物,仅1例姑息切除,手术成功率96.2%。姑息切除者为纵膈LCD,由于肿物位于左肺门与主动脉弓之间,且与周围组织有明显粘连而未能完整切除,术后给予5疗程CHOP方案化疗后肿物消退,随访38月复查CT未见复发。1例腹膜后LCD行肿物切除术后9年肿物原位复发,行复发肿物切除术,术后2年再复发,再手术因分离困难、出血汹涌而终止,未行化疗,半年后死于高热、多器官功能衰竭;1例左腋下LCD分别于03年、05年、06年行肿物切除术,前两次手术切除物病理诊断均提示骨外尤文氏瘤,最后一次组织病理学及免疫组织化学染色诊断为浆细胞型CD,术后给予5次CHOP化疗,至今未发现复发。其余23例LCD患者术后随访至今均未见复发,最长随访期206月。
3. 讨论
3.1 LCD的临床特点
局灶性Castleman’s病(LCD) 发病年龄较轻,多数无症状,往往因无痛性淋巴组织肿大或肿块压迫症状而就诊,部分病例有全身症状,如发热、乏力、盗汗、贫血等,少数患者还可伴发副肿瘤性天疱疮[2]。LCD可发生于身体的任何部位,大多数病例表现为局限性淋巴结病变,最常侵犯纵隔淋巴结,颈部、后腹壁、腋窝及盆腔等部位的淋巴结也可被侵犯。Testa[3]等统计315例LCD,其中65%位于纵隔,16%位于颈部,12%位于腹腔,3%位于腋窝,其他部位占4%。本组患者肿大淋巴结最多位于腹膜后,其次为纵膈,与文献报道不一致,究其原因,可能与我们两家医院在腹部外科水平上的优势导致病人收治上的偏倚有关。本组患者部分实验室检查有血尿、蛋白尿、大便潜血阳性等表现,有学者认为这很可能与患者的肿大淋巴结发生在肠系膜根部,肿大淋巴结影响了脾脏、肠管的静脉回流及肝脏的血运有关[4]。本组病例实验室检查异常者均发现肿大淋巴结对周围脏器存在不同程度的压迫。另外,我们发现,腹膜后LCD多位于中上腹部腹主动脉周围区,这可能与腹腔淋巴结分布规律有关。本组病例有2例盆腔LCD者,均表现为月经增多,影像学提示盆腔包块,这容易误诊为妇科肿瘤,临床上应该引起重视。LCD影像学检查具有特征性,只要掌握其特点,术前诊断是可以做到的。
3.2 LCD的治疗
手术完整切除肿大的淋巴结或肿块是该病最主要、最有效的治疗方法,可以达到治愈目的[3]。一旦诊断为LCD,应该尽快做好手术切除的准备,手术时应尽可能在包膜外切除肿物。但由于深部LCD大多无症状,患者来诊时肿瘤常常较大,而且肿瘤往往紧贴重要脏器,与周围组织器官存在一定粘连,手术切除难度较大,有时难于完整切除。如果首次手术切除不彻底,就有复发的可能,复发者往往可再次行手术切除。我们25例手术切除者仅2例复发,复发可能与手术不够彻底有关。一例腹膜后LCD患者,肿块直径达15.0 cm,初次手术时发现肿物血供丰富,与周围脏器有明显粘连,手术难度很大,术中失血量达600ml;术后9年复查CT提示复发,肿物大小达13 cm×11cm,再次手术尚能完成肿物切除,术后2年即发现再复发,第三次手术因分离困难、出血汹涌而未能切除肿物。LCD患者若伴有深部脏器淋巴结肿大难以手术切除,或者消除后又重新复发而难于根治性切除,此时可以按淋巴瘤的方案化疗或者放疗,也能达到治愈的目的[5]。我们1例姑息切除病例,术后给予CHOP (环磷酰胺+长春新碱+泼尼松)方案化疗,肿物消失,随访38月未见复发。另外,对于伴发PNP或有全身症状患者,术前需要应用敏感抗生素控制感染,控制皮肤损害以及全身症状[6]。大面积的皮损和较明显的全身症状往往提示患者体内高滴度的自身抗体,术中应给予大剂量丙种球蛋白来中和自身抗体,手术操作时也应轻柔,勿挤压瘤体,以免造成肿瘤细胞产生的抗体大量释放,从而导致术后发热、呼吸困难等症状的一过性加重。我们有1例腹膜后LCD伴PNP患者术中由于分离较为困难,瘤体受到明显挤压,术后出现严重的全身炎症反应综合症。
附图片:
局灶性castleman’s 病的CT及病理学表现
图1 CT平扫:腹膜后巨大类圆形软组织肿块,边缘光滑,密度均匀。
Fig. 1 CT plain scan showed a large round-like well-defined mass, with homogeneous density.
图2 增强扫描:病灶强化较明显,与周围组织分界较清,周围组织结构推移明显。
Fig. 2 Enhanced CT scan showed the lesion was apparently strengthened with a clear limit out of the surrounding tissue.
图3 透明血管型Castleman病:淋巴滤泡生发中心消失,滤泡间大量毛细血管增生,成葱皮样外观 (HE,×100)。
Fig. 3 Pathologic photography of a hyaline-vascular Castleman’s disease under High-powered Microscope: An onion skin-like look, showed lymphoid follicle germinal centers disappeared and the capillaries between the follicles were highly hyperplasia with a huge number. (HE× 100)
图4 浆细胞型Castleman病。滤泡间区可见大量浆细胞浸润, 血管增生和洋葱皮样改变不明显。(HE × 400)
Fig.4 Pathologic photography of a Plasma cell type Castleman’s disease under High-powered Microscope: A large number of plasma cells infiltrate the interfollicular areas, while the change of angiogenesis and onion-like is not obvious. (HE × 400)
参考文献
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