『目的』改良腰椎小关节融合术(Lumbar Facet Joint Fusion, LFJF)在退变性腰椎疾病手术中应用的可行性和实用性。『方法』2006年6月~2008年5月,我们应用LFJF手术治疗退变性腰椎疾病患者32例,男14例、女18例,平均年龄48.5岁;所有病例均为退变性腰椎间盘突出并椎管狭窄症患者;在后路减压基础上单纯行LFJF12例,LFJF加椎弓根固定20例;植骨材料均取自术区自体骨。『结果』本组32例随访6~22个月,按Mac Nab疗效评估标准[1] :优27例、良3例,可2例,优良率93.7%;依影像学直接、间接证实小关节融合率为90.6%,本组病例未见有明显手术并发症。据统计单纯LFJF组与LFJF加内固定组间疗效差异无显著性(P=0.98)。『结论』LFJF技术用于退变性腰椎疾病手术前后有失稳倾向患者,可有效建立术区“动态稳定”,提高融合质量,值得临床推广使用。
『关键词』腰椎退变性疾病;腰椎小关节融合;
Clinical application of the modified Lumbar facet joint fusion
[Abstract] Objective To discuss clinical value of the operation on degenerative Lumbar disease by the modified lumbar facet joint fusion.(LFJF) Methods From June 2006 to May 2008, 32 patients with degenerative lumbar disease were treated by LFJF after decompression. There were 14 males and 18 females with an average 48.5 years. All the patients suffered from degenerative lumbar disc herniation and spinal stenosis. 12patients were treated by single LFJF, 20 patients were treated by LFJF and pedicle screws after decompression. Fusion material was used from autograft bone at decompression site of patients. Result The follow-up period was from 6~22 months, according to Mac Nab score: effective rate was 93.7%(30/32), fusion rate was 90.6%(29/32), other 3 cases were going to be observed at that time. There was no complication in all the patients. Conclusion LFJF technique was used for the patients who could take place spinal instability after decompression, reserved dynamical stability and enhanced fusion quality at decompression section, suggested using by spinal surgical doctors.
[Key words] Lumbar facet joint fusion; Degenerative lumbar disease
[Author@s address]The Shenzhen hospital of South Medical University(Shenzhen Peoples second hospital),Shenzhen,518035,Chine.
腰椎退变性疾病是困扰中老年人群的常见病、多发病,需手术干预者日趋增多。减压、内固定、融合等术式现已成为外科医生的常见手术方法[2~6]。然而目前通用的各种融合术仍存在着对病人创伤大、功能丢失多,继发邻节段退变等缺点。2006年6月~2008年5月,我们针对上述问题,在后路减压基础上随机采取LFJF治疗此类患者32例,目的在于尽量减少上述负面影响、提高治疗质量,收效比较满意。
1、临床资料与方法
1.1一般资料
本组32例,男14例、女18例,年龄44~62岁,平均48.5岁;均为退变性腰椎间盘突出并椎管狭窄症患者,其中19例伴有术前病变脊柱节段失稳征象。在后路减压基础上单纯行LFJF12例,LFJF加椎弓根内固定20例。
1.2LFJF手术要点
(1)尽量保留拟融合小关节的关节囊、韧带组织,酌情自内上向外下用骨刀或薄锯于关节表面皮质下切开,保留外侧部分骨质,制成软组织-骨瓣(带有骨蒂)翻向外侧;(2)上述骨瓣掀开后根据小关节形态、走向,制造植骨通道和植骨床,以备小关节间串接植骨和填充植骨;(3)留取患者减压窗处骨条和碎骨屑嵌于上述区域,穿跃上下关节突的骨条须带有骨皮质并具一定强度;(4)最后将翻向外侧的软组织―骨瓣缝回原位,并以邻近纤维筋膜组织加强,若缝合困难,可用巾钳或克氏针在骨窗外缘制孔,穿丝线缝扎固定。
1.3LFJF术后处理
单纯LFJF术前有失稳倾向者,术后卧床须6周以上,离床时应严格佩戴腰骶背伸支具,直至有影像和临床证实局部已获稳定方可去除外固定;对术前无失稳倾向者,术后1~3周借助腰骶护具逐步离床活动;值得注意的是:两者在术区稳定尚未确认前,切不可做弯腰动作。LFJF加内固定患者,制动时间应适当缩短,一般可在术后1周内离床活动。
1.4 术后功能与融合效果评估
术后疗效Mac Nab标准:优,局部及下肢症状完全消失;良,局部及下肢症状大部分消失,较术前明显改善;可,术前症状未见明显改善,但并未加重;差,术后比术前症状增多加重。术后融合效果影象学评估:采用腰椎X线应力拍片,对比手术前后病变节段位移角移数据进行判定,对未内固定者行三维重建CT复查,可直接证实小关节融合情况。
2、结果
本组32例随访6-22个月,平均14个月。按Mac Nab标准疗效评定,优27例,良3例,可2例,优良率93.7%;据影像学观察,本组中11例小关节已获融合,18例局部已建立稳定,另3例尚在随访中,融合率为90.6%(29/32)。未见明显手术并发症。经StatView(不对称T检验)统计学处理,临床优良率,单纯LFJF组未91.7%(11/12),其中优10例,良1例;LFJF加内固定组为90.2%(19/20),其中优7例,良2例,两组间差异无显性(P=0.98)。
3、讨论
手术治疗退变性腰椎疾病的成功关键是,彻底解除神经卡压,确保局部生理稳定。目前脊柱外科医生已把后路减压,内固定,融合作为常规手术方法。然而传统融合术仍存在对病人损伤大,功能丢失多,继发邻节段退变等缺点[3,、4,、8,、9]。为了减少上述负面影响,我们经反复基础研究和临床实践,探索出改良LFJF这一新术式,迄今为止国内外文献尚未见有类似报道[2,、4,、5、,11]。
设计LFJF的初衷是为了减少植骨创伤,提高融合质量,降低并发症。本组病例治疗结果已达到了上述目的。术后优良率93.7%,融合率为90.6%,都高于同期平均指标[2,、9,、10]。本组中有3例术前存在病区节段失稳倾向,予行单纯 LFJF术后效果十分满意。从中提示LFJF有部分取代内固定植骨的可能性,但掌握适应症必须严格,外固定必须可靠。
LFJF可一次性完成小关节间的填充、串接、覆盖植骨,并能以较坚强的纤维筋膜组织加固,确实增强了植骨区域相对稳定,有利于爬行替代“愈合过程”,因此提高了融合质量。而传统融合术各有其不足:后外侧植骨仅限于附件间的表面,创伤大,费时多,术区难以提供骨源;椎间融合易过多破坏后方结构,过度牵压神经,融合材料,如Cage、大骨块往往需要外备[4,、5,、6,、9];小关节的螺钉固定融合,操作繁琐、并发症较多『11,12,13』;棘突间的动力装置固定,价格昂贵,远期疗效尚未肯定[5,10]。
选择腰椎小关节作为重建脊柱稳定的基础比较符合生物力学要求。两侧小关节恰位于腰椎矢状面前后径连线的中点,在该处制造骨性连结,可牢固建立起防止脊椎位移的支点,并有利于形成翘翘板机制,使重建局部“动态稳定”、减少应力遮挡效应成为可能。起码从理论上讲传统融合术难于与之相比。有关该术式的生物力学机制及其优势还有待进一步探究。
综上所述,可以认为LFJF技术用于退变性腰椎疾病手术前后有失稳倾向患者,能有效重建术区“动态稳定”并有可能减少邻位节段发生退变的机率。相比而言,该术式具有设计合理、操作简便、损伤小、费用低、恢复快、融合质量高等特点。因此我们建议,脊柱外科医生在临床实践中应适当多予采用。
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