[摘要]目的:回顾总结主动脉弓中断经胸骨正中切口一期矫治的方法、疗效。方法:8例患者中,男性5例,女性3例,手术年龄1-11岁,体重9-21kg。其中A型7例,B型1例,8例均合并其他心血管畸形和重度肺动脉高压,均经正中胸骨切口一期矫治。结果:全组死亡1例,死于术后严重低心排综合征及肾功能衰竭,随访6例,6-14年,无晚期死亡。其中1例术后12年发生同种血管钙化、狭窄,压差12kPa,再次行人工血管连接升主动脉至腹主动脉旁路移植术,1例主动脉吻合口压差5.3kPa,其余主动脉吻合口压差为1.3-3.3 kPa,心功能NYHAⅠ级。结论:主动脉弓中断经胸骨正中切口一期手术矫治尤其是主动脉直接吻合的方法操作简便,暴露良好,创伤小,有利于术后恢复。空军总医院心血管外科徐金星
[中图分类号]R654.3 [文献标识码]A [文章编号]061145
One-stage repair of interrupted aortic arch through midline sternotomy XU Jin-xing, YANG Jun-min, YU Lu-fen, CHEN Yuan-heng, HOU Mai. (Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Air Force General Hospital, Beijing 100036, China)
[ABSTRACT] Objective: To summarize and review the experience with one-stage repair of interrupted aortic arch(IAA) through midline sternotomy. Method: Eight patients (male5,female3)with IAA were operated. The operative age was 1-11 years and body weight was 9-21kg, five patients were tape A IAA and 1 was type B.All patients had associated cardiac anomalies and severe pulmonary hypertension. Results:There was one early death as a result of severe low cardiac output syndrome combined with acute renal failure.The 6 survivors were followed up from 0.5-14 years,and no late death. One patient required a bypass with artificial graft between ascending aorta and descending aortic artery who had aortic homograft calcification and residual pressure gradient 12kPa after 12 years’ discharge.One had residual pressure gradient 5.3 kPa.The other 4 patients had 1.3-3.3 kPa, but their cardiac function was NYHA Ⅰ. Conclusion The method of one-stage repair of IAA especially with direct end-end anastomosis through midline sternotomy can achieve good exposure, less trauma and excellent recuperation.
[KEYWORDS] surgical procedures,operative; aortic arch,thoracic;anastomosis,surgical
主动脉弓中断(IAA)是一种少见的先天性主动脉弓畸形,约占先天性心脏病的1%,我国报道不到1‰。此病合并畸形复杂,诊断困难,病死率高,约80%的患儿生后几个月内死亡[1],随着诊断水平的提高,IAA手术矫治效果有了明显提高[2-5]。笔者总结我院IAA的手术经验,有助于提高诊断水平和手术疗效。
1 资料和方法
1.1 临床资料 1991年3月~2005年4月,我院收治IAA病例8例,男性5例,女性3例,年龄1-11岁,体重9-21kg,术前均有反复呼吸道感染史,6例有反复肺炎心衰史。体检有差异性紫绀2例,所有患者均测四肢血压和血氧饱和度,上肢血压高于下肢的5例,无明显变化3例,右上肢血氧饱和度高于下肢7例,1例无明显变化。超声心动图检查诊断IAA 1例,余均误诊,7例行右心导管检查明确诊断,1例术中探查发现,A型7例,B型1例。8例患者均合并其他心血管畸形(表1)。
表1 8例IAA诊断、手术方式和结果
Tab1 diagnosis, surgical procedures and results of 8 patients with IAA
No.
Age (y)
Wt (kg)
Diagnosis
Surgical procedures
CPB/Aortic Clamping Time(min)
Results
1
3
12
IAA(A),VSD,PDA,PH(severe)
PDA closure via PA,VSD repairing,ADB
185/125
Alive
2
6
20
IAA(A),VSD,PDA,PH(severe)
PDA closure via PA,VSD repairing,ADB
208/105
Alive
3
5
15
IAA(A),VSD,PDA,PH(severe)
PDA closure via PA,VSD repairing,ADB
305/220
Death
4
6
15
IAA(B),VSD,PDA,PH(severe)
PDA closure via PA,VSD repairing,ADB
184/125
Alive
5
11
21
IAA(A),VSD,PDA,MI,PH(severe)
PDA closure via PA,VSD repairing,ADB,MVP
180/137
Alive
6
7
18
IAA(A),VSD,PDA,PH(severe)
PDA closure via PA,VSD repairing,ADB
195/122
Alive
7
6
15
IAA(A),VSD,PDA,PH(severe)
Division and suture of PDA,VSD repairing,end-end aortic anastomosis
158/85
Alive
8
1
9
IAA(A),VSD,PDA,PH(severe),TS
Division and suture of PDA,VSD repairing,end-end aortic anastomosis,trachotomy
130/56
Alive
IAA.interrupted aortic arch,VSD.ventricular septal defect,PDA.patent ductus arteriosus,PH.pulmonary hypertension, MI.mitral incompetence, TS.tracheal stenosis, PA. Pulmonary artery, ADB.ascending to descending aorta bypass with homograft, MVP. mitral valvuloplasty, CPB.cardiopulmonary bypass
1.2 手术方法
均采用正中胸骨切口一期手术(表1)。前6例行同种血管升主动脉至降主动脉转流移植术,后2例行主动脉端端吻合连接术。
1.2.1 体外循环下同种血管升主动脉至降主动脉转流移植术 正中胸骨切口入路,游离胸主动脉吻合口处,早期2例行股动脉插管,其余插管方法同下,在中度低温下阻断主动脉,切开肺动脉缝闭动脉导管后修补室间隔缺损(VSD),降升主动脉分别用侧壁钳阻断,取同种胸主动脉分别与降主动脉及升主动脉后壁用5-0 Prolene线做连续缝合,前壁间断缝合。
1.2.2主动脉直接端端吻合连接术:正中胸骨切口入路,切除双侧胸腺,游离左右肺动脉,并置控制带,升主动脉和肺动脉各插1根动脉灌注管,在肛温18-20℃时阻断升主动脉。1例停循环下吻合主动脉,停循环时间35min;1例低流量(30-50)ml・kg-1・min-1灌注下手术,低流量时间45min。切除动脉导管,后壁连续前壁间断缝合,修补VSD。
2 结 果
两种矫治方法手术转流和阻断时间有差异,直接端端吻合连接术者主动脉阻断时间(70.5±20.5)min,同种血管升主动脉至降主动脉转流移植术者(139±41.0)min。早期发生低心排综合征1例,心功能不全1例,肺动脉高压危象1例。术中麻醉插管时发现气管狭窄1例,行气管切开术。术中死亡1例,死亡原因为术前漏诊IAA,缝闭生命依赖的动脉导管及修补VSD后出现无尿、低心排不能停体外循环机,探查发现本病,用同种主动脉恢复升降主动脉血流连接后无效。上肢血压高于下肢的5例术后下肢血压均明显改善,由收缩压差50-90mmHg上升到上下肢血压相近。
随访6例,6个月-14年[平均(8.5±2.5)年],均存活。其中1例术后12年发生上肢血压升高并头晕,检查发现同种血管钙化狭窄,上下肢压差12kPa,再次经正中胸腹联合切口用人工血管连接升腹主动脉。1例吻合口压差5.3kPa,无明显症状,其余4例压力差1.3-3.3 kPa,心功能NYHAⅠ级。
3 讨 论
3.1 临床上IAA因合并的畸形情况不同而表现得多种多样。体征、X线、心电图及一般超声检查均无特异性,临床上极易漏误诊[6]。本组超声仅1例提出疑问,其余漏诊。均为临床医师经上下肢血压和血氧饱和度监测后怀疑,经血管造影检查确诊。超声心动图对诊断IAA时胸骨上窝切面非常重要,可避免漏误诊,但与检查医师对本病的认识和经验有密切关系。
3.2 自1955年首次手术治疗本病以来,手术死亡率居高不下,超过35%[6,7],近年来手术死亡率才有所下降,先进的心脏中心的死亡率已下降到12%左右[4]。尽管有人认为分期手术矫治效果好[8],但更多的资料显示一期矫治优于分期矫治的效果。本组患儿均采用胸骨正中切口一期矫治,除1例因漏诊误治外,其余7例无手术死亡,随访心功能良好。在IAA矫治方法上,我们主张一期胸骨正中切口入路手术。
3.3 同种血管升主动脉至降主动脉转流移植术在以往矫治IAA中较少见。此法游离面少,创面小,使用同种血管较人工血管材料顺应性好,吻合贴切不易漏血,不需抗凝治疗,同种材料的钙化和细菌性心内膜炎发生率低,寿命较长。其不足之处是由于吻合位置深,手术操作时间偏长;管道有远期钙化、阻塞而发生再狭窄可能,必要时再次更换管道。本组1例管道狭窄需要外科干预,由于黏连严重,原位更换管道危险性大,用比较简单的升主动脉到腹主动脉的人工血管旁路移植术,取得较好效果。就近远期效果看,同种血管因其潜在的可生长性及较其他人工血管材料发生再狭窄的可能性小,目前尚无更好的材料可替代。如果主动脉弓中断断距很宽>2cm,年龄偏大,全身状况及心功能较差者可用此方法。
3.4 主动脉弓直接吻合连接术是对IAA较理想的手术方法,吻合口少,手术野显露佳,吻合省时,本法比同种血管升主动脉至降主动脉转流移植术的时间缩短近1倍。如果IAA的断距较短,尤其是婴幼儿期大动脉游离度大、弹性好者,此法更合适。
3.5 本组手术要点如下:①升主动脉插管必须位于升主动脉右侧,对应于降主动脉连接部位,可减少大量血流直接灌注大脑或冠状动脉[1]。②安置主动脉和肺动脉各1根灌注管,体外循环转流开始,立即阻断左右肺动脉圈套,使肺动脉灌注管的血流经动脉导管直接进入降主动脉,确保下半身的血供和降温,同时防止血流进入肺循环引起灌注肺。③行直接动脉吻合术应充分游离升主动脉、头臂动脉、肺动脉、降主动脉,使吻合口张力减小,预防出血,完全切除动脉导管组织,防止狭窄。④用同种血管行升主动脉至降主动脉转流移植术,不需过多游离,创面小,与降主动脉吻合口位置较深,注意缝合确切,防止狭窄。⑤吻合口后壁连续缝合,前壁间断缝合利于生长。
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